What Is a Pattern Day Trader?

Pattern Day Trading Explained in Less Than 5 Minutes

Pattern day trading is making four day trades within five business days. Day trading is buying and selling the same security in a margin account in a single day. 

Investors can use many different strategies to trade stocks. Some people buy assets and hold them for the long term, others make frequent trades, buying and selling stocks daily. 

Let's learn about how day traders can face higher risks than other investors and interact with their brokers quite differently as well as about the rules for pattern day traders.

Definition and Example of a Pattern Day Trader

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) defines a pattern day trader as someone who executes four or more day trades within a five-business-day period or someone who “has a reasonable basis to believe” that they will execute such trades.

Note

A day trade is defined as buying and selling the same security in a margin account, which is an account where the trader has access to credit that they can use to buy securities. Brokers typically prohibit day trading in non-margin accounts.

For example, if you buy 10 shares of XYZ in the morning, then sell those shares in the afternoon, you’ve executed a day trade. If over the next five business days, you execute a total of four or more day trades, you’d be considered a pattern day trader.

How Does Pattern Day Trading Work?

Pattern day traders typically make frequent transactions, buying and selling stocks, options, and other securities through the trading day. Often, these traders are looking to earn a profit from small shifts in a security’s prices and use margin to increase their potential gains when compared to their assets.

Because pattern day trading is different from typical investing and can involve additional risks, there are special rules that pattern day traders must follow.

Note

Pattern day traders must maintain at least $25,000 in equity in their account. This equity can be in the form of cash or securities and if the trader falls below this amount they must deposit additional funds to reach the minimum before they can day trade again.

Pattern Day Trader vs. Other Investors

The primary difference between day traders and other investors is how they aim to profit from the market and the risks they’re willing to accept.

Day traders focus on the short term and look to make money by quickly buying and selling stocks as they fluctuate in price, whereas other investors have a more long-term outlook. Buy-and-hold investors try to buy stocks they believe will steadily appreciate in value through ups and downs.

Pros and Cons of Pattern Day Trading

Pattern day trading isn’t for everyone. Consider the advantages and disadvantages before you use this strategy, which is considered risky.

Pros

• Potential for high profits

• Short-term outlook

• Margin increases potential gains

Cons

• High risk

• Margin increases potential losses

• Can require more time and effort than long-term investing

Pros Explained

• Potential for high profits: Skilled day traders can produce a return that earns them a living. However, it can take many months to develop a successful strategy for reliable returns.
• Short-term outlook: Day trading is about short-term price movements and taking advantage of fluctuations. You don’t need to think about how a security will perform in a month, a year, or even a decade.
• Margin increases potential gains: Day traders use margin accounts, which let them borrow money to invest. So, for example, if you have $30,000 and use $30,000 in margin, you can invest $60,000, which doubles your potential profit.

Cons Explained

• High risk: Day trading is risky. One bad trade can cause significant losses and result in a margin call.
• Margin increases potential losses: When you borrow money to buy stocks, that increases your potential losses. In some cases, you could wind up losing more money than you have, forcing you to repay a debt to your broker.
• Can require more time and effort than long-term investing: Day traders can spend the entire day following the market and trying to find the perfect times to buy and sell.

Is Pattern Day Trading Worth It?

Pattern day trading is a high-risk, stressful way to try to profit from the stock market. However, it offers the potential for significant returns. Some traders even pursue day trading as their profession.

Note

If you enjoy reading about trading and the market, being a pattern day trader might be worth considering.

What It Means for Individual Investors

Day trading isn’t ideal for typical individual investors. It can be very risky and requires significant amounts of time and research to make successful trades.

Most investors who are aiming to build their portfolios toward long-term goals like retirement can benefit more from a passive investing strategy of holding a diversified portfolio of stocks, bonds, and other securities for longer terms.

Key Takeaways

• Pattern day traders make day trades at least four times within five business days.
• Day trading is considered risky and requires advanced trading skills, but it can produce significant returns.
• Unlike long-term investors, day traders seek to profit from short-term changes in a security’s price.
• Day traders must have at least $25,000 equity in their account at all times.

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Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Tell us why! Other Submit Sources The Balance uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

1. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. “Am I a Pattern Day Trader? Know the Day-Trading Margin Requirements.”

2. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. “Thinking of Day Trading? Know the Risks."